The origin of strategic concept goes to beginning of the
business world, therefore it became vast issue to represent corrective meaning
(what is it, how to use it, what are the benefits and how it help to improve
business). Several authors and researchers try to do that but they failed to
find out accurate way of evolution. On account of that author Jeffery Bracker of Georgia State University
develop a definition to the strategic management
concept by using sharing attributes of past definitions which will be helpful
for who study and teach in classroom.
Many of old writers talk
about fundamental things of this concept in their publications in early age
such as the birth of word strategy (Homer, Euripides). According to them the
word strategy came from Greek word “strategos”, in Greek which means the act of finding someone’s weak
spots in a game or in everyday life or can take it as extinction of enemies via
accurate allocate of scare resources. In point of fact can say strategy came
from make use of root meaning of words army and lead. When we consider the colloquy
history of this concept many famous writers talk taking base as military and
political background. Shakespeare, Montesquieu, Kant, Mill, Hegel, Clausewitz,
Liddell Hart and Tolstoy are some of major authors who converse this concept. Strategic
concept which above authors developed is used by various military and political
writers such as Machiavelli, Napoleon, Bismarck, Yama- moto and Hitler.
One of very first known relevance application to strategic
management was made by Socrates for Nichomachides. Nichomachides is a Greek
militarist who asked Socrates for the wide-ranging plan for the election. This
election was held to select a candidate for the position of general. He lost to
another candidate named Antisthenes who is a famous businessman in this
context. Socrates analyzes the duties of a general and made a plan to meet
objectives with available resources, but that was failed. For that reason with
descend of Greek city statues it don’t rise until the industrial subversion.
This need of strategy concept again rises on after Second World
War. Because after that business start to move on to steady to rapid changing
and competitive environment. Ansoff
divide these changes in to two segments,
·
Acceleration in the rate of transform within
firms.
·
Accelerated technological and scientific
application to management process.
Above are because to acquire
the advantages of new opportunities and well-timed actions to keep away from
threats. New technologies encourage awareness in and acceptance of analytic and
descriptive approach to decision making process which help for management to
deal with in doubt future.
Numerous writers build up
strategic concept for business with in past thirty years but the first modern
writers were Von Neumann and Morgenstern. Doing a comparison of those Hofer and
Schendel bring into front some disagreements of them.
·
Width of the concept.
·
Components indicate.
·
Richness of strategy formulation process.
But they failed in to
represent commonalities of strategic concept and according
to the classification of Recent Definitions following are founded characteristics,
·
Environment and situation
·
Establishment purpose of firm
·
Firm related area (field)
·
Resources available
·
Major goals and objectives
All above things should be
gather to gain ultimate achievement of firm. Strategic management developed to
direct organization to goals in literary ambit base by doing both external and
internal analysis to maximize the resource utilization. This can call as macro
definition of strategic management and help to formulate process for
accomplishing firm’s goals.
In near recently identify
the operationalization of strategic management and comprehensive idea
illustrated by Schendel and Hofer in 1976 -1979.
Since Greek age strategic
management concept revolutionize to macro approach to micro and again to macro
one (Table 3 present the history of it). Now researchers need to find out
definition consolidation vocabulary to this concept for facilitate testing of
all hypotheses in purpose of approve or throw out traditional constructs to
develop useful structure or applications associated with organization.
Table 3
History of the Scope of
Strategic Management
Macro
|
Micro
|
Macro
|
|
Time
|
3000 B.C. Fall
of Greek City- States
|
Roman
Industrial
Empire Revolution
|
Post World Future
War II
|
Rationale
|
National markets Large, complex interrelated
organizations
|
Oligopolistic environment Unlimited resource availability
Lack of national markets Lack of ability to anticipate change
Stable environment
|
Dynamic environment New technology Ability to
anticipate change National markets
Ability to deal with uncertain future
|
Strategy Definition
|
Effective use of resources to meet objectives
|
Effective use of resources to meet objectives
|
Analysis of internal and external environments of
the firm in order to maximize utilization of resources in relation to objectives
|
Major Contributors
|
Early Greek writers such as Homer, Euripides, and
Socrates
|
Shakespeare, Montesquieu, Kant, Mill, Hegel,
Clausewitz, Tolstoy
|
Von Neumann & Morgenstern, Drucker, Chandler,Ansoff,
Glueck,McNichols, Steiner, Miner, Mintzberg, Hofer, Schendel
|
Application of Strategy
|
Business, Military, and Government
|
Military and Government
|
Business, Military, and Government
|
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